Should You Attempt Fish Farming

 

Considerations for Prospective Fish Growers

Louis A. Helfrich, Fisheries Extension Specialist, and George S. Libey, Associate Professer, Aquaculture; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech

Introduction

Fish farming is an ancient practice that can provide many profitable opportunities today. The raising and selling of fish on a commercial basis has proven to be economically successful throughout the United States. In Croatia, fish farming is growing in popularity. Increasing recognition that fish is a healthy food, low in calories and cholesterol levels, but rich in protein has increased consumer demand in both restaurants and supermarkets.
Fish are excellent animals to rear. They can convert feed into body tissue more efficiently than most farm animals, transforming about 70 percent of their feed into flesh. Fish also have excellent dress-out qualities, providing an average of 60 percent body weight as marketable product and a greater proportion of edible, lean tissue than most livestock. Fish can be intensively cultured in relatively small amounts of water. In Virginia, they can be farmed at densities near 2,000 pounds/acre with careful management. Farm-reared fish offer a new alternative agricultural crop that can potentially replace those which are declining in popularity or profitability. Healthy farm-reared fish, guaranteed free of diseases, pesticides, and other harmful toxicants, are a more desirable substitute for wild fish from potentially polluted waters.

Fish farming is, like most other types of farming, a risky business that requires special knowledge, skills, and careful considerations. Some of the most important factors to consider in determining whether you should begin a fish farming business are listed below. Answering yes to all or most questions does not insure success. Similarly, answering no to all or most questions does not guarantee failure. Individuals with little or no experience in fish farming and few resources available can become successful fish farmers, but they should start small and expand slowly, and be willing to invest lots of time and effort.

Answer Yes or No

Economics:
1. Do you have sufficient financial resources available?
2. Do you own suitable land with a good source of high-quality water?
3. Do you own enough land and water necessary for a profitable venture?
4. Is there a high demand and sufficient market for your product?
5. Do you have the equipment and machinery necessary?
6. Is expected profit from fish farming greater than other land uses?
7. Can you really devote the money, time, and labor necessary?
8. Do you know the costs involved with the following items:

Capital CostsLand & buildings
Building ponds/raceways
Trucks & tractors
Plumbing & pipes
Tanks & aerators
Oxygen meters
Nets & boots
Operating CostsPurchasing eggs/fingerlings
Fish feed
Electricity & fuel
Labor & maintenance
Chemicals & drugs
Taxes & insurance
Telephone & transportation

Marketing:
l. Is there an established market for your fish?
2. Is the market demand sufficient year-round?
3. Do you have an alternative marketing strategy to rely on?

Physical:
l. Do you have a continuous source of clean, high-quality water?
2. Does your soil have enough clay content to hold water?
3. Is the water temperature optimal for the fish species reared?
4. Do you have space sufficient to build enough ponds or raceways?
5. Do you have good and easy pond access for feeding and harvesting?
6. Are the pipes sufficient in size for quick draining & easy filling?
7. Is your residence near enough for direct observation and security?
Production:
l. Have you had your water tested (chemical and bacteriological)?
2. Do you have a reliable source of fingerlings or eggs at affordable prices?
3. Do you have a reliable source of feed at reasonable cost?
4. Do you have dependable labor available at affordable wages?
5. How long is your growing season (days/year)?
6. Whats your production capacity (pounds/year)?
7. Whats the best fish species for you to grow?
8. Are you aware of fish reproductive biology and nutritional needs?

Legal:
l. Are you aware of the federal and state laws about fish farming?
2. Do you know where to apply for the necessary permits and licenses?
3. Are you familiar with the personal liability concerns involved?

Risk Assessment:
l. Can you afford to lose your entire fish crop?
2. Can you conduct water quality tests?
3. Is fish-disease diagnostic-help readily available?
4. Do you know about off-flavor and its causes?
5. Is pesticide, metal,or oil contamination possible?
6. Can you deal with poachers and vandals?
7. Do you know where to go for information and help?

Fish Farming Publications

Magazines/ Newsletters
Aquaculture Digest
9434 Kearney Mesa Rd.
San Diego, CA 92126
Monthly--$50/yr.

Aquaculture Magazine
P.O. Box 2329
Asheville, NC 28802
Bimonthly--$15/yr.

Aquafarm Letter
3400 Neyrey Drive
Metairie, LA 70002
Bi-weekly--$70/yr.
Arkansas Aquafarming
University of Arkansas
Cooperative Extension Service
Box 391
Little Rock, AR 72203
Quarterly--Free

California Aquaculture
University of California
Cooperative Extension Service
Aquaculture Extension
Davis, CA 95616
Monthly--Free
Canadian Aquaculture
4652 William Head Rd.
Victoria, British Columbia
Canada, V8X3W9
Quarterly--$14/yr.

Carolina Aquaculture News
P.O. Box 1294
Garner, NC 27529
Bimonthly--$12/yr.

Farm Pond Harvest
Professional Sportsman Pub.Co.
Box AA
Momence, Illinois 60954
Bimonthly-$10/yr.

Fish Farmer
Business Press International
205 E. 42nd St.
New York, NY 10017
Bimonthly-$56/yr.

Fish Farming International
Heighway House
87 Blackfriars Road
London SE 1814B England
Monthly--$35/yr.

Fish Farming International
110 Fleet St.
London EC4A England

For Fish Farmers
Mississippi State University
Cooperative Extension Service
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Monthly--Free
Georgia Fish Farmer
University of Georgia
Cooperative Extension Service
Athens, GA 30602
Quarterly--Free

Salmonid Magazine
U.S. Trout Farming Asso.
506 Ferry St.
Little Rock, AR 72203
Quarterly--Free

South Carolina Aquaculturist
Clemson University
Cooperative Extension Service
Room 102, Long Hall
Clemson, SC 29631
Quarterly--Free

Texas Aquaculture
Texas A&M University
Cooperative Extension Service
102 Nagle Hall
College Station, TX 77843
Quarterly--Free


The Catfish Journal
Catfish Farmers of America
P.O. Box 1700
Clinton, MS 39056
Monthly--$20/yr.

Timely Tips-Fisheries
University of Tennessee
Cooperative Extension Service
P.O. Box 1071
Knoxville, TN 37901-1071
Quarterly--Free

Water Farming Journal
3400 Neyrey Drive
Metairie, LA 70002
Monthly--$15/yr.

World Aquaculture News
P.O. Box 150129
Arlington, TX 76015
Monthly--$20/yr.
Journals/ Technical Publications
Aquaculture
American Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
52 Vanderbilt Ave.
New York, NY 10017
32 issues/yr.--$640/yr.

Aquaculture Engineering
Elsevier Applied Science
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, NY 10017
Monthly--$132/yr.

Journal of Shellfish Research
National Shellfisheries Association
Oyster Biology Section
Gulf Coast Research Lab.
Ocean Springs, MS 39564

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
178 Pleasant Hill
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA 70803

Progressive Fish Culturist
American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814-2199
Quarterly--$16/yr.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814

Selected Fish Farming Books

• A Guide to Integrated Warm Water Aquaculture. D. Little and J. Muir. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
• Aquaculture Engineering. 1977. F.E. Wheaton. R.E. Krieger Publishing Company, Kreiger Dr., Malabar, FL 32950.
• Aquaculture: The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. 1972. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY.
• Cage Aquaculture. 1987. M. Beveridge. Unipub, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Landham, MD 20706-4391. Phone (301) 459-7666. ($38)
• Commercial Catfish Farming. 1973. Interstate Printers and Publishers. Danville, Il.
• Crustacean and Mollusk Aquaculture in the United States. J.V. Huner and E.E. Brown. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., 250 Post Road East, P.O. Box 831, Westport, CT 06881.
• Fish Farming Handbook. 1980. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, Ct. 06881.
• Fish Hatchery Management. 1986. American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814.
• Guidelines for Striped Bass Culture. 1976. American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814-2199.
• Principles and Practices of Pond Aquaculture. 1986. American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814-2199, Phone (301) 897-8616. ($39.95)
• Principles of Warmwater Aquaculture. 1979. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY.
• Principles of Warmwater Aquaculture. 1979. American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814-2199. Phone (301) 897-8616 ($39.95)
• Recent Advances in Aquaculture. J. Muir and R. Roberts. Westview Press Inc., 5500 Central Ave., Boulder, CO 80301.
• The Aquaculture of Striped Bass. 1984. Maryland Sea Grant Program, 1224 Patterson Hall, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
• Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods). 1980. California Fish Bulletin Number 164. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.
• Trout Farming Handbook. 1973. Scholtum International Inc. Flushing, NY.
• Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Ponds. 1984. C.E. Boyd. Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830. ($8)

Organizations

American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814-2199
301-897-8616

Catfish Farmers of America
P.O. Box 36
Jackson, MS 39205
601-353-7916
National Ornamental Goldfish Growers Asso.
6916 Blacks Mill Rd.
Thurmont, MD 21788
301-272-7475

National Shellfisheries Association
Edwin Thodes
National Marine Fisheries Service
212 Rogers Ave.
Milford CT 06460
203-783-4200

Shellfish Institute of North America
National Fisheries Institute
2000 M Street, NW, Suite 580
Washington, DC 20036
202-296-5170

U.S. Trout Farmers Association
515 Rock Street
Little Rock, AR 72202
501-372-3595

World Aquaculture Society
341 Pleasant Hall
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
504-388-3137

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CCRES AQUAPONICS special thanks to Michelle Davis, Research Associate, Fisheries and Wildlife

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Virginia Cooperative Extension materials are available for public use, re-print, or citation without further permission, provided the use includes credit to the author and to Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University.

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Europska aquakultura

 

 

Važnost o?uvanja

Provjere od strane službenika za kontrolu ribarstva sprje?avaju prekomjerno izlovljavanje ribe.

Ribarska industrija EU-a druga je po veli?ini u svijetu. Godišnje osigurava oko 7.3 milijuna tona ribe. Ribarstvo i industrija prerade  ribe zapošljavaju više od 400.000 ljudi.

Prioritet ribarske politike EU-a je posti?i ravnotežu izme?u osiguravanja konkurente ribarske industrije s jedne i održivih ribljih zaliha te održivog pomorskog eko-sustava s druge strane.

Za razdoblje od 2007.-2013. godine, Europski ribarski fond ima na raspolaganju 3.85 milijardi eura koje se mogu potrošiti na prioritete postavljene od strane zemalja ?lanica, temeljene na njihovim vlastitim odlukama o tome što im je naviše potrebno. Novac se može iskoristiti za morsko i slatkovodno ribarstvo, akvakulturu, organizacije proizvo?a?a, sektor procesiranja i marketinga, te za ekonomsku diverzifikaciju u ribarskim zajednicama.

 

Nužna je dobra provedba

Kako bi osigurala poštivanje ograni?enja vezanih za ribarstvo, postavljenih u interesu dugoro?nog o?uvanja zaliha ribe, EU je 2005. godine osnovala Agenciju za kontrolu ribarstva Zajednice. Agencija, ?ije je trenutno sjedište u Bruxellesu, trebala bi se u 2008. godini preseliti na svoju stalnu lokaciju u Vigo u Španjolskoj, europsku vode?u ribarsku luku. Agencija koordinira provedbu pravila za sprje?avanje prekomjernog izlovljavanja ribe i zaštitu drugih oblika morskog života. Osim toga, ona osigurava obuku za inspektore i organizira zajedni?ko postavljanje inspektora iz više država ?lanica Unije.

 

Me?unarodna suradnja i pomo?

Ribarski sporazumi sa zemljama izvan EU-a i pregovori unutar regionalnih i me?unarodnih ribarskih organizacija osiguravaju sprje?avanje prekomjernog izlovljavanja ribe, ne samo u vodama EU-a, ve? i u onima iz ?itavog svijeta. Istovremeno, ribarima EU-a pružaju pristup ribi u udaljenim vodama. Zemljama u razvoju EU pla?a za pravo pristupa, a novac dobiven tim putem uvelike se ulaže u ribarske industrije tih zemalja te u izgradnju njihovih ribljih zaliha.

 

Razvijanje akvakulture

Akvakulturom se može nadoknaditi smanjenje zaliha divlje ribe. Ve? sada 20% ukupnog izlova Europske unije dolazi iz uzgajališta riba. Mekušci, školjke, poto?na pastrva i losos spadaju u najvažnije proizvode akvakulture, no u nekim zemljama važno mjesto zauzimaju i šaran i deverika.

Akvakulturna industrija EU-a raste sporije od industrije ostatka svijeta. Europska komisija razmatra uvo?enje dodatnih koraka za razvoj potencijala ove industrije. Klju?ni izazovi uklju?uju manjak prostora i vode dobre kvalitete, te visoke standarde zaštite javnog zdravlja i okoliša. Europska aquakultura prednja?i u održivom razvoju u svijetu, i po pitanju socijalnih u?inaka i u?inaka na okoliš, no to otežava tržišno natjecanje s proizvo?a?ima iz drugih zemalja, posebice iz Azije i južne Amerike.

 

Pomorska dimenzija

EU ima više mora nego kopna te predstavlja najve?i svjetski pomorski teritorij. Ima ukupno 1200 luka, a oko 90% ukupne vanjske trgovine i 40% unutarnje obavlja se morskim putem. Trgova?ka flota Europske unije najve?a je na svijetu.

Pomorske regije sa?injavaju više od 40% bruto doma?eg proizvoda EU-a, a u njima živi 60% populacije Unije. Oko 5% BDP-a dolazi izravno iz pomorskih industrija i usluga. Broj je puno ve?i kada se uzmu u obzir neizravni doprinosi iz drugih sektora, poput turizma.

Kako su ribarska politika i politika zaštite okoliša ve? neko vrijeme percipirane kao dvije strane iste medalje, EU sada preuzima šire gledište kako bi obuhvatila sve koristi našeg pomorskog prostora. Cilj je oja?ati europska pomorska istraživanja, tehnologiju i inovacije. To se uklapa u Lisabonsku agendu za ve?i broj kvalitetnijih poslova i rast, te u Unijinu posve?enost osiguravanju da gospodarski razvoj ne ugrožava održivost okoliša. Integrirana pomorska politika obuhva?a pomorski prijevoz, konkurentnost kompanija u pomorskom sektoru, zapošljavanje, znanstvena istraživanja, ribarstvo i zaštitu morskog okoliša.

Kako bi naglasila važnost ovog sektora, Europska komisija je 20. svibnja proglasila Europskim danom pomorstva. Prvi Europski dan pomorstva obilježen je 2008. godine. 

Branka Kalle 
Predsjednica Savjeta 
Hrvatskog Centra Obnovljivih Izvora Energije (HCOIE)

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Species protection and conservation

Fish farming can contribute to the protection and restoration of endangered fish populations living in the wild through the efficient provision of juveniles for release or stocking.

An increasing number of fish are finding their way onto the CITES lists of endangered species. The production of juvenile fish and shellfish in hatcheries is far more efficient (in terms of survival) than in the wild. These juveniles may not only be grown on as food, but also for the conservation and restoration of fish populations (through release or restocking) and the provision of fish for angling.

This technique, also known as "stock enhancement" or "enhancement aquaculture" has an economic advantage in that production costs are much lower, and has proven to be successful for a variety of marine fish species, mainly in Norway, Japan and the USA.

Sturgeons are among the worlds most valuable wildlife resources and can be found in large river systems, lakes, coastal waters and inner seas throughout the northern hemisphere. For people around the world, caviar, i.e. unfertilized sturgeon roe, is a delicacy. Sturgeons are also a major source of income and employment, as well as an important element of the local food supply. Current trends in illegal harvest and trade put all these benefits at risk. Since 1998, international trade in all species of sturgeons has been regulated under CITES owing to concerns over the impact of unsustainable harvesting of and illegal trade in sturgeon populations in the wild.

Photo: Juvenile sturgeon for restocking.
Source Aquaculture Europe Vol 32 (3). September 2007. Courtesy M. Chebanov.

The Ramsar Declaration on Global Sturgeon Conservation recognises the importance of aquaculture in the preservation of sturgeon species, specifically mentioning the importance of captive broodstock programmes to prevent loss of genetic variety; the monitoring of stocked juvenile fish to assess the cost-effectiveness of stocking strategies; the cultivation of sturgeon for meat and caviar products - especially with due involvement of the lowincome local fishing community who need alternative livelihoods; and the need for internationally agreed standards on culture technology and general husbandry, adequate nutrition, disease prevention and product quality control.

More information is available at www.wscs.info - the site of the World Sturgeon Conservation Society.

Different trout species have been restocked in Europes rivers for decades. Prior to the Second World War, the UK production of trout juveniles was exclusively to stock rivers in England and Scotland to support natural populations and for recreational fishing. It was only in the 1950s that technology was introduced to produce fish for the table. This is the case across much of Europe, where trout remains the top aquaculture production species within European Member States, and where restocking accounts for a significant proportion of total trout fry production.

Photo showing 2007 re-population in the river Nivelle in the Basque region of France.
Photo courtesy of Dr. Jacques Dumas, INRA.

CCRES AQUAPONICS

project of NGO

CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 

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Aquaculture Recommended Reading List

The aquaculture industry in Croatia is not large compared to other areas in the world, but the industry here is highly diversified, and the region has the water and land resources needed for significant growth.The purpose of this list is to provide sources of information for current and prospective aquaculturists in Croatia and the EU region.

 Aquaculture Recommended Reading List

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Encyclopedia of Aquaculture / By Robert R. Stickney. New York: Wiley:  2000. A comprehensive reference to the science, technology, and economics of aquaculture for scientists and professionals in aquaculture as well as individuals wishing to expand their knowledge of the field. With an emphasis on current trends and sustainable practices, the Encyclopedia of Aquaculture is complete with photographs, illustrations, and graphs as well as references to the extensive literature.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Best Management Practices for Aquaculture in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region / By Jeffrey A. Malison and Christopher F. Hartleb. Madison: University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute:  2005. The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance for current and prospective aquaculturists in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes region. Best management practices or BMPs are defined as management guidelines or approaches designed to minimize or prevent any adverse environmental impacts, to maximize the health and well-being of the organisms being raised, and to encourage efficient and economical production.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture: Principles and Practices / By T. V. R. Pillay and M. N. Kutty. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub.:  2005. Covering all aspects of subsistence and commercial aquaculture as practiced across the globe, this fully revised edition from two leading world authorities in the field covers both principles and practices. It covers in detail recent developments in: history and planning; nutrition; reproduction and genetic selection; production statistics and economics; integrated aquaculture; and sustainability and environmental effects.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture Marketing Handbook / By Carole R. Engle and Kwamena Quagrainie. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. Professional:  2006. The Aquaculture Marketing Handbook provides the reader with information regarding aquaculture economics, markets, and marketing. In addition, this volume also contains an extensive annotated bibliography and webliography that provide descriptions of key additional sources of information. Useful for both the experienced aquaculture professional and those new to the field.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants / By John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate. Oxford: Fishing News Books:  2003. This book covers all major aspects of the aquaculture of fish, shellfish and algae in freshwater and marine environments. Subject areas include water quality and environmental impacts of aquaculture, desert aquaculture, reproduction, life cycles and growth, genetics and stock improvement, nutrition and feed production, diseases, post-harvest technology and processing, economics and marketing. The second part of the text is devoted to the culture of different species.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Practical Genetics for Aquaculture / By Charles Gregory Lutz. Malden, Mass.: Fishing News Books:  2001. Lutz provides reviews of the fundamental theory and examples of practical applications for numerous aspects of genetic improvement in aquaculture. While new molecular techniques hold great promise for application in commercial aquaculture in the future, most aquaculture currently takes place under practical and often challenging conditions. Tremendous gains could be realized through the application of more traditional and practical approaches to genetic improvement.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture Biosecurity: Prevention, Control, and Eradication of Aquatic Animal Disease / By A. David Scarfe, Cheng-Sheng Lee, and Patricia J. OBryen. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. Professional:  2006. Aquaculture loses millions of dollars in revenue annually due to aquatic animal diseases. As a result, aquaculture biosecurity programs that address aquatic animal pathogens and diseases have become an important focus for the aquaculture industry. With contributions from renowned international experts, this book is a vital reference for those concerned about protecting aquaculture from impacts of aquatic animal disease.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Cage Aquaculture / By Malcolm C. M. Beveridge. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. Professional:  2004. Cages are the most important system for producing farmed salmon, sea bass, sea bream, yellowtail and tuna. They are relatively inexpensive, require no access to land, and offer tremendous flexibility to aquaculture farmers in terms of production. This fully updated, expanded, and revised third edition incorporates the major developments in the aquaculture industry, including the ever-increasing market for farmed salmon.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Ecological Aquaculture: The Evolution of the Blue Revolution / By Barry A. Costa-Pierce. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Science:  2002. The aim of this important and thought-provoking book is to stimulate discussion among aquacultures modern scientific, education and extension communities concerning the principles, practices and policies needed to develop ecologically and socially sustainable aquaculture systems worldwide. Ecological Aquaculture provides fascinating and valuable insights into primitive (and often sustainable) culture systems, and ties these to modern large-scale aquaculture systems.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture Water Reuse Systems: Engineering Design and Management / By Michael B. Timmons and Thomas M. Losordo. New York: Elsevier:  1994. This well-organized book provides all the information needed to design and manage a water reuse system. The text was written for engineers and biologists working in the area of intensive fish culture, but it should also prove useful as a design manual for practicing aquaculturists.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Fish Nutrition / By John E. Halver and Ronald W. Hardy. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press:  2002. Fish Nutrition is a comprehensive treatise on nutrient requirements and metabolism in major species of fish used in aquaculture or scientific experiments. It covers nutrients required and used in cold water, warm water, fresh water, and marine species for growth and reproduction.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Biology of Farmed Fish / By Kenneth D. Black and A. D. Pickering. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press; Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press:  1998. Focusing on developments of the last decade, this volume considers the biology underlying fish culture. The chapters, written by fish biologists who have made a significant contribution to the primary research literature, are broad in nature, covering aspects of the subject with reference to a range of species from around the world.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture / By Kenneth D. Black. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press; Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press:  2001. This text examines the relationships between the activities of aquaculture and the environment, starting with an examination of several separate cultures and then moving into a discussion of general relevance to aquaculture. This book is directed at fish and shellfish biologists and environmental scientists in academia, industry and government.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture / By Patrick Lavens and Patrick Sorgeloos. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:  1996.  The manual describes the major production techniques currently used for the cultivation of the types of live food commonly used in larviculture, as well as their application potential in terms of their nutritional and physical properties and feeding methods. The manual is divided according to the major groups of live food organisms used in aquaculture: micro-algae, rotifers, Artemia, natural zooplankton, and copepods, nematodes and trochophores.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture: Proceedings of a Workshop Hosted by the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii, USA, in Honolulu, 4th-7th October 1999 / By Cheng-Sheng Lee and Edward M. Donaldson. Amsterdam: Elsevier:  2001. Successful reproduction of cultured brood stock is essential to the sustainable aquaculture of aquatic organisms. This book describes recent advances in the field of finfish reproductive biotechnology. The chapters, written by eminent scientists, review the progress and assess the status of biotechnology research applicable to the reproduction of aquaculture finfish species. The last chapter summarizes discussions at the workshop, provides recommendations to industry and describes priorities of research and development.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Biology and Culture of Channel Catfish / By Craig S. Tucker and John A. Hargreaves. Amsterdam: Elsevier:  2004. The history of channel catfish farming in the United States serves as a model for the development of pond-based aquaculture industries worldwide. In 22 chapters written by active scientists in the field, Biology and Culture of Channel Catfish comprehensively synthesizes over 30 years of research on this American icon. Throughout the book, fundamental biological aspects of channel catfish are linked to practical culture techniques.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : American and International Aquaculture Law: A Comprehensive Legal Treatise and Handbook Covering Aquaculture Law, Business and Finance of Fishes, Shellfish and Aquatic Plants / By Henry D., II McCoy. Peterstown, W. Va.: Supranational:  2000. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of agriculture and the speed of scientific and economic advances during the past decade has outpaced the available literature dealing with legal aspects of aquaculture. This book redresses this imbalance and will provide a thorough and comprehensive reference for those involved in the many aspects of aquaculture where legal information is a vital tool for them to carry out their roles.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture and the environment / By T. V. R. Pillay. Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub.:  2004. The continuing rapid increases in aquaculture production world-wide raise fears of further environmental degradation of the aquatic environment. The second edition of this well-received book brings together and discusses the available information on all major environmental aspects of various aquaculture systems, providing a valuable aid to the preparation of environmental impact assessments of aquaculture projects and showing how potential environmental problems can be reduced or mitigated by sound management. 2nd ed.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture law and policy : towards principled access and operations London ; New York : Routledge:  2006. The book highlights the numerous law and policy issues that must be addressed in the search for effective regulation of aquaculture. This book will appeal to a broad range of audiences: undergraduate and postgraduate students, academic researchers, policy makers, NGOs, practicing lawyers and industry representatives. Edited by David L. VanderZwaag and Gloria Chao.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Aquaculture engineering / By Odd-Ivar Lekang. Oxford ; Ames, Iowa : Blackwell Pub.:  2007. As aquaculture continues to grow at a rapid pace, understanding the engineering behind aquatic production facilities is of increasing importance for all those working in the industry. This book requires knowledge of the many general aspects of engineering such as material technology, building design and construction, mechanical engineering and environmental engineering. In this comprehensive book, Odd-Ivar Lekang introduces these principles and demonstrates how such technical knowledge can be applied to aquaculture systems.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Environmental best management practices for aquaculture Ames, Iowa : Wiley-Blackwell ; [Baton Rouge, LA] : U.S. Aquaculture Society:  2008. Best Management Practices (BMPs) combine sound science, common sense, economics, and site-specific management to mitigate or prevent adverse environmental impacts. Environmental Best Management Practices for Aquaculture will provide technical guidance to improve the environmental performance of aquaculture. Edited by Craig S. Tucker, John A. Hargreaves ; with 18 contributing authors. 1st ed.

CCCRES AQUAPONICS recommends : Molecular research in aquaculture / By Ken Overturf. Ames, Iowa : Wiley-Blackwell:  2009. Molecular research and biotechnology have long been fields of study with applications useful to aquaculture and other animal sciences. Molecular Research in Aquaculture looks to provide an understanding of molecular research and its applications to the aquaculture industry in a format that allows individuals without prior experience in this area to learn about an Read more Langganan: Postingan (Atom) Blog archive ▼  2019 (320) ▼  Juni (28) Hydroponic Tile Oxygen Not Included Hydroponic Outdoor Aquaponic Plants For Betta Commercial Aquaponics System Designs Hydroponics And Aquaponic Farming Small Aquaponics System Fish Aquaponics Chilli Plant Hydroponic Factory Aquaponic Fish Farm Water Treatment Aquaponic Plant Food Aquaponics System For Weed Aquaponic Fish Tank Diy Aquaponic Floating Raft System Aquaponic Best Plants Aquaponics System For Sale Australia Hydroponic Aeroponic Aquaponic System Setup Aquaponic Farm Tours Hybrid Aquaponics System Design Aquaponic System In Aquarium Aquaponics System Market Hydroponic Bucket System Aquaponic Farming In Hindi Aquaponic Barrel System Aquaponic System Qatar Commercial Aquaponics System Plans Aquaponic Garden Diy Hydroponic Tobacco ►  Mei (59) ►  April (60) ►  Maret (69) ►  Februari (46) ►  Januari (58) ►  2018 (908) ►  Desember (82) ►  November (147) ►  Oktober (99) ►  September (103) ►  Agustus (99) ►  April (56) ►  Maret (124) ►  Februari (89) ►  Januari (109) ►  2017 (892) ►  Desember (89) ►  November (116) ►  Oktober (115) ►  September (182) ►  Agustus (133) ►  Juli (78) ►  Juni (81) ►  Mei (65) ►  April (33) ►  2016 (423) ►  Juni (122) ►  Mei (132) ►  April (127) ►  Maret (42)   Aquaponics Build Copyright © 2016 -- Powered by Blogger