Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring high-value ketocarotenoid pigment with excellent antioxidant effects belonging to the xanthophyll group of carotenoids, or the oxygenated carotenoids. The hydroxyl and keto functional groups present in the ending ionone ring of astaxanthin is responsible for its uniquely powerful antioxidant activity. They differs from other antioxidants in its ability to penetrate the blood brain and retina barriers. Therefore, it is believed to protect the brain and nervous system from neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. cerebral thrombosis and stroke) and aging.
Natural astaxanthin production and commercialization is estimated to be a 1.2 billion dollar annual market. Today, essentially all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically from petrochemical sources, with an annual turnover of over $200 million, and a selling price of around $2000 per kilogram of pure astaxanthin. Natural astaxanthin is sold for over $7000 per kg.
Source of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is present in many types of seafood, including salmon, trout, red sea bream, shrimp and lobster, as well as in birds such as flamingo and quail. As of today, astaxanthin is commercially produced from the microalga Hematococcus pluvialis.
Benefits of Astaxanthin
- Astaxanthin acts as a chain-breaking anti-oxidant, and therefore protect lipid-rich cell membranes from degradative oxidation.
- Natural astaxanthin is a dietary supplement with extremely powerful antioxidant benefits for human applications.
- Astaxanthin traps more free radicals than any other antioxidant.
- Astaxanthin has been proven to cross the human blood-brain barrier, and therefore has the ability to directly act as a superb antioxidant in the brain and the eyes.
- Astaxanthin enhances the action of other antioxidants like Vitamin E and C.
- Astaxanthin protects nucleic acid components of DNA, avoiding mutations to genetic material due to oxidative stress and protects muscle cells from damaging effects of active oxygen produced upon swimming upstream.
- Astaxanthin has been documented to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and enhance immune functions.
Applications of Astaxanthin
- Astaxanthin finds application in the nutraceutical Industry, pharmaceutical Industry and food coloration application
- Astaxanthin is used as an animal feed additive to impart coloration to salmonids (salmon and trout), as well as to red sea bream and Tai.
- Recent studies revealed the wrinkling and moisturizing effect of astaxanthin which suggest its potential cosmeceutical applications in protection against skin aging.
Algae Strains for Astaxanthin Production
The most commonly used algae strain that is used for Astaxanthin production is Haemotococcus Pluvalis. H pluvialis is believed to accumulate the highest levels of astaxanthin in nature. Commercially grown H pluvialis can accumulate more than 40g of astaxanthin per kilogram of dry biomass. Other strains that could be used for astaxanthin production include: Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella zofingiensis, Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata
Haematocyst of Haemotococcus pluvialis with red pigment astaxanthin.
Astaxanthin
Commerical Production of Astaxathin
Natural astaxanthin is produced in a two-stage culture process and its concentration can reach 1.5% to 4% of the dry weight.

Market Scope
The demand for natural astaxanthin is now emerging in the multi-billion dollar nutraceutical market. Astaxanthin is principally consumed by the salmon feed industry. The annual worldwide aquaculture market of this pigment is estimated at US$ 200 million with an average price of US$ 2500/kg.
The global astaxanthin market is estimated at about $257 million, most of which is used in fish coloration (2009 data; estimates by BCC Research for astaxanthin market size are however lower). The human uses market is growing and estimated at about $27-$40 million. Most astaxanthin is derived from the algae, H pluvialis, which is commonly consumed by fish and crustaceans like salmon and lobster and is responsible for their pink coloration.
Market Sectors | Market Size ( as of 2009) ( Million USD) | Potential Market(2020) ( Million USD) |
Animal feed colouring agents | 300 | 800 |
Antioxidant nutraceuticals | 30 | 300 |
Pharmaceuticals | Emerging | 500 |
Cosmetics | Emerging | 30 |